Welcome to the first post in our Lumber 101 series, where we share insights and knowledge about working with wood. Today’s topic dives into Vertical Grain (VG) and Flat Grain (FG) lumber, exploring how they are produced, their differences, and the best applications for each.
What is Vertical Grain (VG)?
Vertical grain lumber, also called edge grain, rift cut, or quarter sawn, is crafted by milling boards so that the annual growth rings run vertically to the face of the board. Producing VG lumber requires large logs, as the depth of clear, knot-free wood available in each tree determines the maximum width of the board.
VG boards are known for their superior stability—resisting cupping and twisting as they age. Knots in VG lumber often appear as narrow streaks, referred to as “spike knots.” This type of lumber is ideal for high-end projects where durability, appearance, and structural integrity are essential. From cabinetry to premium siding or decking, vertical grain wood excels in applications that demand precision and longevity.
What is Flat Grain (FG)?
Flat grain lumber, on the other hand, is milled with the annual growth rings running parallel to the face of the board. This creates a prominent and wavy grain pattern, offering a more rustic and natural look. Knots in FG lumber are typically round or oval-shaped, as they originate from the center of the log.
Flat grain is more cost-effective because boards can be milled from smaller logs. It’s the most common type of lumber used in construction and general-purpose projects. While FG wood is prone to cupping or warping due to moisture changes—particularly in exterior applications—it remains an excellent option for many projects. Its visible grain patterns and knots give it character, and its durability and affordability make it a practical choice for builders and hobbyists alike.
Vertical Grain vs. Flat Grain: Key Differences
Feature | Vertical Grain (VG) | Flat Grain (FG) |
Grain Orientation | Annual rings run vertically | Annual rings run parallel |
Stability | Highly stable, resists cupping/twisting | Prone to natural warping/cupping |
Appearance | Straight, uniform grain; spike knots | Wavy grain; round/oval knots |
Cost | More expensive, requires larger logs | Cost-effective, uses smaller logs |
Best Uses | High-end projects: cabinetry, siding, decking | General-purpose construction and DIY projects |
What We Offer at Niagara Sawmill
At Niagara Sawmill, most of the lumber we produce is flat grain, which is perfect for a wide range of applications. However, for specialty projects, we also carry vertical grain options in premium woods such as Western Red Cedar and Sitka Spruce. VG lumber is perfect when stability and aesthetics are a priority.
Whether you’re crafting custom furniture, building a deck, or working on a construction project, our team can help you choose the right grain and lumber type for your needs.
Explore More with Niagara Sawmill
We’re here to help you make the most of your lumber. Have questions about your next project? Contact us today or explore our Specialty Lumber selection to see what we offer. Stay tuned for more tips and advice in future posts from the Plank Perspective blog!
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